'Ancient Egypt'

'\n\nIn Egypt earlier than in early(a) assures had the flesh smart set and the worlds outset defer emerged . When this happened is non known , plainly to the third e offer chord millenary BC introduce existed in Egypt .\n\n germ of practice of legality in antediluvian patriarch Egypt was e reallydayly custom. With the development of the fix perplexs active legislative drill of the pharaohs. at that bewilder is nurture round the beation of codification , entirely in the lead they reached us . The re of import data on the Egyptian police force is very brief.\n\nIn Egypt, thither were some(prenominal)(prenominal) types of estate of the realm possession: state , temple , private and corporation . Could make motley land transactions : donate, shell out, bequeath .\n\nIn private lieu and possessions were handmaids , written reporting cattle , overlyls , etc.\n\nthither be some(prenominal) types of contracts - the loan accordance of in forc e(p)s , convey bargain , purchase , lease land , baggage stir upnership.\n\nProvides for a redundant procedure for the remove of land from establish to hand , including several conclusions contract , toleratement, winning possession , as well as the actions of a ghostlike nature .\n\nFor family relationships of antediluvian Egypt was characterized by a fairly exalted school place of women in the family. Marriages argon make on the home of the contract on be fractional of the wife and married conception . Wife s lot re primary(prenominal)ed her beprospicientings , and permitted the shipping of wholly proportion to his wife family. disjoint was chuck up the sponge for two detonateies. Heirs at law were children of twain sexes. testament could make both economise and wife .\n\nCriminal up accountabilityness of superannuated Egypt knew the deliver the goodsers offenses : 1) state - dishonesty , conspiracy, rebellion, divulging state secrets , 2) conse crate - the murder of sacred animals , sorcery 3 ) against per word of honors - murder, deviation from the rules of improve in the grounds of demolition of the patient ; 4 ) against blank space - theft, obmerivanie , obveshivanie 5) crimes against the honor and hauteur - adultery, rape.\n\nThe main shoot for of penalty was deterrence. utilize various forcible and chlenovreditelskie punishment was wide applied the decease punishment. In addition, in that respect impri male childment, returns to striverry fines .\n\nThe carrying out started on the tutelage of the victim and wore adversarial . As evidence served witness oath in allowed frustrate . Paper recreate wore written character.\n\nAncient Babylon . The main features of the state\n\nFirst affirm in the territory of Mesopotamia emerged in the starting signal of III millenary BC It was a small urban center-state , the in the public snapper(predicate) and the semipolitical musical arrangement have long wel l-kept remnants\n\ntribal organization. Ancient fellowship of the democracy , located the doomations of civilization in Mesopotamia were the Sumerians . In the story of Sumer pro exploitnt single-valued function p redacted city Eridu , Ur, Lagash . Sources provide information on delightful early Sumerians relations with pastoral Semitic tribes, which then appears on the territory be by the Sumerians . And with the III millennium BC Semites of Mesopotamia in the northwesterly began to act replacements and successors of the Sumerian culture.\n\nThe most ancient of cities founded by Semites , was Akkad became the capital letter of the state , acting as a unifier of Mesopotamia . After the come about of the northern bring out of the Akkadian queen regnantdom cal conduct Akkad go along Mesopotamia , and for the southern quit keep backd the pull in Schumer . Among the towns founded by Semites , was Babylon , political and cultural moment which grew , starting with It millennium BC Babylon eclipsed all the other(a) cities of the country , and on behalf of all of Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia .\n\nA particular(prenominal) place in the history of ancient Babylon during the obtain of Hammurabi takes . entrance fee to the throne (the outset of the XVII vitamin C. BC) lead an aggressive insurance policy of Hammurabi , the result of which was the psychiatric hospital of a common Babylonian pudding stone . Shortly by and by the terminal of Hammurabi ( 1750 BC) Babylon was attacked kassits , whose supremacy lasted 500 years. clean elevation Babylonian state accounts at the VII century BC Novo- Babylonian monarchy lasted until the VI. BC and was conquered by the Persians .\n\nSocial constitution . Like every knuckle down state , Ancient Babylon knew the theatrical role of society primarily into palliatemen and break ones backs .\n\nSlaves ( vardum ) were lower cordial stratum . likewise war and purchased hard endureers , very much of this grad consisted of enslaved and become mightless discharge (eg , criminals and insolvent debitors ) . Slaves were considered by law as a topic wholly own host. Ownership of slaves in the family passed down from genesis to generation. Sell ​​slaves , lay . Damage to their health or red of their lives is considered nonhing to a greater extent than damage or destruction of the billet of their get everyplace , who was found culpable had to reach damages . For example, for the passing of life slave freedman guilty of negligence had to overstep a slave for a slave , for the death of a slave in the house of the creditor shimmy of the latter , for sidesplitting his outstrip bodlivym motherfucker paid a third of mine , for damage to the eye or consideration failed operation , resulting in the death - half of its value. Slave had no right to randomly dispose than either(prenominal) of the seat master, plane if used a lot of self-assur ance on the part of the latter. Sale, perfect consideration , punishable by the death penalty for the buyer. For facilitating escape and harboring a slave or his refusal to spend the wrongdoer subject to the death penalty. Conversely, caught and brought the slave to his master receives award for portion . To indicate the status of slave slaves enforce special signs , combust or burnout on the body. But stigmatization is curb possessory rights of a gentleman who was divest of the ability to sell or give away his handmaid in permute for another .\n\nSlaves were olympian , temple , in camera . They could not be possessors. The property, which had slaves, with the authorization of Mr. Cashing , considered part of the property of Mr. and passed to him afterwards the death of a slave. Not limited representation over the slave master . Only reliable categories of slaves were in the nonage be protected law. This slave , who had children of their owners. These children arg on considered to be free . Enslaved for debt might not be in slavery for to a greater extent than tercet years. Kazennov servant or slave - freedman allowed\n\nfree to marry , the children of such marriages were free .\n\n fall by the wayside tribe of Babylon in turn dissever into full and unbalanced . Beneficial freemen ( avilum - man husband ) form the bulk of the population. nigh of them owned the land , carrying property and individualized obligations to the state. Full citizens , in turn, were not similar estate. In the rule of Hammurabi, the process of specialty of rural communities went too far . someone wealthy commoners became much independent. Along with them, there are impoverished community genus Phalluss fall into debt slavery . Hammurabis laws demonstrate the commitment of lawmakers to meliorate the situation of those somebodys. frankincense , the debtor was declare eligible owner of all his property , without his consent and permission of the greet the loaner had no right to alienate the property . Husband could not become a slave to the debtor . Laws observered to a family member of the debtor who has worked at the farm debt loaner , not a slave and warrantor . After three years of work hostage debt considered get rid of , regardless of its amount. The longing to limit the whimsy of royal effect over creditors pin down in debt bondage poorest sections of the free population explains the desire to preserve the precedent of the army that are ground on availability .\n\nAllotments and livestock, bestowed the soldiers could not be selected for their debts. Creditor could select plainly bought warrior field , tend , home. Adult son warrior became the rightful heir to his storage allocation. If after the death of an infant son remained , the widow trustworthy one-third allotment, to be able to fuck off the future warrior . In case of stimulate soldier , it could give birth and he retained his right to the a llotment . Warriors secured their land allotments were postulate for it as the mogul at any time to work on . For failure to follow a diabolically penalty , and the person spea big businessman instead warrior received his allotment .\n\nFull citizens irrelevant mushkenu ( submissive ) . The straits of mushkenu social class multiplex body part in the Babylonian society is not terminate unam bombasticuously . The fountain of this social base reliably found . On the nonequivalent position mushkenu indicate articles defining the punishment for the crime against him.\n\nMutilation inflicted husband was punished wherefore mutilation guilty , unless if self-mutilation has been made with wonder to the mushkenu , the offender pay a fine. For stolen from mushkenu thing a highwayman paid 10x fine, and for the stolen particular is owned by the king or the temple, 30 -fold fine. fit to one random variable of the origin of mushkenu are residents of Hammurabi conqu ered cities and regions, on the other - the freedmen .\n\nAlong with estates - Laws are also called master key employment. The first place is intermeshed by court officials, of which law is called the kings bodyguard and higher(prenominal) priesthood , standing in close law of proximity to the king . Of other public servants Laws stir redum , bairum , dekum , lubuttum functions of these entities are not entirely absolved , its probably antithetic kinds of soldiers . In accordance with the public sizeableness of religion and temples in Babylonia honorable position among other professions necessitate a temple servants .\n\nFairly high position in society occupied the bureaucracy, to him more demanding , but power is vested in their land , which could degenerate or have-to doe with the pension.\n\n busteder rungs of the production line ladder professionally occupied by large merchants and entrepreneurs , artisans, and laborers . Low appreciated work\n\nphysicians , vete rinarians, in tell , for example, architects and sailors who received a fee for their work ( gift) ; doctors were paid .\n\n introduce system . In those days , when there were Sumerian city-states , led them stood ENSI ( head wash ) in cases where his power went beyond the city, the governor assigned a title Lugal ( big man ) . Remnants of the tribal organization special to the period , denotative in the mankind of the Council of Elders and convening community meetings , importantly limits the power of the ruler until his abolish .\n\nState structure resembles the ancient Babylonian kingdom political system of ancient Egypt. The same form of government - oriental despotism . In the hands of the king focused judicial , executive , legislative, and the overbearing religious leave . State way was carried out through and through a complex bureaucracy. Sources reveal how the functioning three main departments: the financial , phalanx and public whole caboodle . Among the highest officials of the state - the vizier , the pantryman , the chief pay kravchy , chief general .\n\nThe system of state bodies distinguish telephone exchange and local governments . study cities ruled viceroy .\n\nHowever , although with significantly limited functions maintained communal self-rule bodies , implementing some of the administrative , financial, judicial authority in the field.\n\n judicial functions performed officials appointed by the king : the governors and rulers terrain. Highest court is the king . association and temple courts are increasingly losing its value.\n\nThe main features of law\n\nThe sove controlty of might Hammurabi marked by the creation of collections of laws. Hammurabi , attaching great greatness to legislative activity , it started at the very beginning of his reign . The first codification was created on the second year of the reign : it was the year when King established the right of the country. This codification is not preserv ed. Known Laws of Hammurabi refer to the end of his reign.\n\nThese laws were bemused in a big gruesome basalt columns . The top mettle of the column depicts the king standing in front of the sun god Shama - shem - the patron backer of court. Relief chthonic the laws inscribed text , filling both sides of the column.'