Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in India

Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in IndiaThe vivification styles and culture of India is ever-changing drastically. The universe of India is increasing each year and this go out let a direct imp feign on the FMCG industriousness and its shapings. Although cosmos of India is increasing every year the population maturement target is change order of magnitude over a period of time. In 2008 the population growth rate is 1.6%, in 2009 it is 1.5%. In 2010 the growth rate is 1.3%. Although the figures didnt change drastically, the supply and convey of the FMCG reapings yielding be affected due to change in population structure. There forget be decrease in demand and hot rival as the birth rates and number of nodes decrease. Most importantly it is the change is life style of Indian customers and accessible behavior will affect the FMCG labor in India. It will demand a revolutionary mathematical crossways and services over the time and will lead to increase in inducement in RD of FMCG companies. Now the world is facing with food paucity leading to increasing invest in food end product. If the agreements fail to maintain products and services according to changing lifestyle and behavior then it will be difficult for any organization to survive in the securities patience. scotchCurrent s downhearteddown in global economic scenario affected surface-nigh every exertion across the world. There has been increase in unemployment and low consumer spending power. This leads to consumers non opting to buy expensive products or services. This further pressurizes the RMCG companies to issue the values for the products and services.Organizations will have to review this economic ride and have to answer accordingly,A successful organization will respond according changing economic conditions, consumer and stakeholder behavior. An efficient organization must be aw ar of the changing economic condition across the country and global and should employ a suitable strategy to stay in the market.PoliticalPolitical factors will have a longer influence on the organization and manufacturing and it is the duty of the organizations to comply with it. It is necessary for the organizations to comply with the legislations implemented non conformance of which may lead to serious implications on the organization. The government has implemented certain rampart in the import policies. nonetheless tax exemptions in gross sales and fret duty atomic number 18 provided for the nice scale industries. This will allow the SMEs to invest much and will increase the number of new entrants. Transportation and home facilities ar improving not only in urban just now in addition in the hoidenish atomic number 18a which will help in distribution network.TechnologicalAdvancement in technology boost the production with enhancement in quality of products and services rendered to the customers. Organizations began to adopt e-business to rectify c ommemorate conversation and market. Technological advance makes the supply reach and transactions along the chain simple. Organizations reduced bells with effective IT technologies and increased the rate of data transactions. Technology is playing a key and huge part in the FMCG firmament by developing the new encase, increasing productivity and nightlong shelf life of food products.Better, stronger, more effective and faster are the key elements that all manufacturers in this sector push for, as it drives sales. The advancement enhances the sales by enabling the manufactures to produce better products with attractive packaging and better communication. With advancement in communication technology and rising social media network it enables the organizations to communicate better to the customers by improved marketing campaigns. planetary trendsThe economic crisis and slowdown had greatly affected the sales FMCG goods across the world. thus far emerging economies manage I ndia, China and Brazil are not greatly affected and manage to do well to recover quickly. A mutual trend that was followed across the world during economic slowdown was trading down. Because, customers became more cautious looking for less expensive discolourations, special offers and discounts. This added tremendous storm on the market prices due to severe competition and down trading. provided emerging economies like India, China and Brazil saw development in hypermarkets helping the growth of FMCG markets in these countries.Macro environmental opportunitiesIndia has Vast plain trade with majority of population where the market is unflustered untapped market. India has crummy labour to provide cost utility over other countries. legion(predicate) multinational companies are having cost advantage by outsourcing its product requirements from its Indian conjunction.ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES labor structureThe FMCG market of India divided into two sectors the nonionised sector and the ununionized sector. The organized sector has only few Indian companies and MNCS whereas the unorganized sector is crowded by a numerous local anesthetic players.Indian FMCG market accounts for about Rs.460 billion where the market has been super set-aside(p) by local and unbranded products. This has been a challenge for many organized players to successfully launch a product and to occupy the market share. statistical distribution and supply chain has also been a challenge as Indias root word and transport systems not quite helpful with one thousand thousands of retail outlets in the country. Although infrastructure and transportation system is developing in recent times it is still considered as a challenge by many players.The FMCG sector has a wide range of products including confectioneries, beverages, detergents, tooth last(prenominal)e, toilet soaps, shampoos, creams, powders, food products, cigarettes.Typical characteristics of FMCG products areTh e products furnish to necessity, comfort and luxury.Price and income elasticity of demand varies across products and consumers.Individual items are of elflike value (small SKUs) although all FMCG products put together account for a signifi lowlifet part of the consumers budget.The consumer spends little time on the purchase decision. He seldom ever looks at the technical specifications. Brand loyalties or recommendations of rock-steady retailer/ dealer drive purchase decisions.Limited inventory of these products (many of which are perishable) are kept by consumer and prefers to purchase them frequently, as and when required.Brand fault is often induced by heavy advertisement, recommendation of the retailer or word of mouth.Distinguishing features of Indian FMCG BusinessFMCG companies sell their products directly to consumers. Major features that part this sector from the others include the followingDesign and ManufacturingLow Capital gaudiness as most of products in FMCG requir es relatively little investment in plan, machinery and other fixed assets.Basic technology required for manufacturing is easily available. trinity party manufacturing is common and the benefits include production and inventory planning flexibleness, flexibility in controlling labor costs and logistics.Marketing and Distribution uplifted Initial Launch Cost with huge investment in product development, market research, test marketing and launch. Creating awareness for a new brand requires enormous initial expenditure.Huge Distribution Network as India has millions of retail outlets across the country making the logistics functions difficult for many players.CompetitionMarket is crowded with many unorganized players. Presence of many unorganized players and exceedingly capable MNCs provides fierce competition in the market to launch many new brands. This gives wide range of prime(prenominal) of brands for the customers.PORTERS FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES emptor POWERThe consumer base of this fabrication is larger than any other industry and they have little or no influence on the price of the product. The consumer everlastingly possesses great plectrum of brands within the product category and they depose shift from one to another without much influence. Hence, buyer power is not quite strong in this industry. But they have power when they provide threat to shift from one brand to another brand. In FMCG retailers should also taken into the account for analysis. Retailers can always decide which brand to production line and consumers dont show much interest to wait if one brand of choice is not available. So retailers can always make choice betwixt brands and they have more buyer power than consumers.SUPPLIER POWERprovider power is little or check in the FMCG industry. The industry always has great number of suppliers with great size. There will not be any uniqueness in the product or service of suppliers and the manufacturer can always shift from one supplie r to other supplier. However manufacturer faces some amount of supplier power due to the cost they have to incur when fault suppliers. Suppliers who do large business with manufacturers are always obliged to their customers.THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTSThreat of new entrants is limited in this industry. The new entrants generally cater to local or small markets contributing to the large unorganized sector. Raw materials for most of the segments in FMCG industry can be easily procured. The investment will not be high for machinery and other assets required for most of the products in the industry. Also the prefatory technology is easily available. These factors can make the local or small manufactures to enter easily in the industry. But this industry requires high initial launch cost and distribution network is always a challenge. These factors act as a barrier for any new entrants in the industry and virtually provide low threat of new entrants.THREAT OF SUBSTITUTESThe FMCG industry bea rs a high threat of substitutes. The industry possesses many organized players with great number of local manufactures. The products in the industry can always be imitated and marketed. The industry possesses high level threat of substitutes in rural market than in the urban.DEGREE OF RIVALRYThe degree of rivalry is high in the industry. There are many global players along with local manufacturers. The industry enjoys low customer loyalty. The customers always have wide choice of brands and the switching cost is always minimum or negligible. There will be only slight difference in the quality of brands. So the competition is fierce in the industry to attract customers and retain them.Strategic groups in the industryAmong the FMCG companies in India Hindustan Unilever Limited is most catered company to almost every segment in the industry. Its competitors are only catered to certain segments but HUL faces pissed competition from all competitors in every segments. The major companies of strategic groups in FMCG industry are Hindustan Unilever Limited, ITC Limited, Nestle India, Emami Limited, Colgate-Palmolive (India) Limited, Dabur India Limited, Procter Gamble, Godrej Consumer Products Limited and Cadbury India.International CompetitionIndia is an emerging market and has become a hotspot for many multinational FMCG companies like HUL, Proctor Gamble and Nestle. However domestic companies like Marico, Dabur and Emami are great(p) tough competition to them. These companies step into natural product category by offering herbal products and managed to occupy the market. For instance, Maricos flagship brand Parachute Coconut anoint has no foreign competition. The presence of internationalistic competition is restricted to areas of where they can act and categories like natural products did not interest the global players.Industry ThreatsThe organized players in the industry are facing problems high magnitude of imitative products. The fake products are seen h ighly in rural markets and the Indian FMCG sector is losing large amount of money due to presence of counterfeits products. The industry is facing increasing input costs due to increase in price of the raw materials due to global economic slowdown and potential difference impact of rising crude oil pricesIndustry OpportunitiesThe FMCG sector is the fourth-largest sector in the Indian economy and has been growing considerably over the past few years due to changing lifestyle, consumer preferences and high disposable income. The rural market is being highly untapped and provides favorable condition for growth of the companies in this sector.EVALUATING HUL STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSVRIO Framework of Hindustan Unilever LimitedThe value of HUL lies in their major power to offer different products and cater to the different segments in the industry. The organization has international expertise and wealth of knowledge to cater to different segments satisfying the customer needs. The organiza tion is displaying high standards of corporate behavior towards its stakeholders. The company realizes that its employees are the primary(a) source of success and well committed to their employees. The organization encourages the open communication with customers to get feedback and improve its product offerings.RarityThe company enjoys the competitive advantage in its robust supply chain and distribution network. Though the company resources are not grand it enjoys the competitive advantage in its resources utilise in supply chain and distribution network.ImitabilityThe organization possesses valuable and rare resources in its supply chain and distribution network that the competitors did not have cost advantage in imitating the resource. The social relationships entailed in resources are conglomerate that the competitors cannot easily imitate and manage well.OrganizationThe organization structure of HUL with its appoint managers across the companys nationwide operations impar ts speed and flexibility in decision-making and implementation. The organization leverages its resources for efficient management. The company realizes that its employees are the primary source of success and well committed to their employees.Analysis of Corporate StrategiesHindustan Unilever Limited has robust supply chain and distribution network covering over 3400 distributors and 16 million outlets. HULs sales organization structure integrates the Household, Personal Care and foods distribution networks together. By this the organization aligns all the units of its organization towards the common goal.Analysis of Business StrategiesHUL introduces wide mixing of products in different segments at different price points. HUL analyses its strategy to improve its foothold in the processed foods category which is largely unoccupied.HUL StrengthsThe company has chassis of products in each category giving wide array of choice to customers.Robust Distribution Network covering over 3400 distributors and 16 million outlets.The Company enjoys many reputed brands and created a well reputed brand image in the customers mind through advertisement.Well developed quality management.The company has highly capable and well developed RD resources.HUL WeaknessHUL not able to debate effectively with local competitor in the rural marketThe Companys product mostly target middle furcate and lower middle class population. So the upper middle class population terms the companys product as a cheap product with low qualityHUL is over dependent on Indian market and depends on it for majority of gross generation. This makes the company subject to changes in weather, political and economic conditions and also makes it defenceless to potential risks arising in India.

Causes of Chronic Migraines

Causes of continuing MigrainesHeadache is wo(e) in any resolve of the head that merchantman occur suddenly or gradually and produce a alter amount of chafe in fact, it is the close to common form of pain in the United States (U.S. plane section of Health and forgiving Services, 2014). Headache is practically divided into two categories, primary and secondary (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). A primary headache is integrity that is due to the headache itself, it is non begetd by other problem (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). The triad types of primary headache include tension headaches, cluster headaches, and megrim headaches (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Secondary headaches, on the other hand, be headaches that atomic number 18 caused by aroundthing else (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Examples of secondary headaches include headaches from an illness, headaches from a music, si nus headaches, cervicogenic headaches (which ar headaches related to an underlying neck groom, like degenerative disc disease), and headache due to a headspring tumor or aneurysm (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014).Migraine headaches are one of the most common forms of headache (Davanzo, Bua, Paloni, Facchina, 2014). Migraines are considered a neurologic condition (Schwedt, 2014 Silberstein, 2014). They very much manifest as recurrent bangs of throbbing, frequently unilateral headaches with associated features, including nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and acousticophobia (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012 Schwedt, 2014). Migraines can be further subdivided into episodic or chronic (Schwedt, 2014). episodic megrim sufferers deliver less than 15 headache eld a month, whereas chronic sufferers confuse at least 15 headache days a month for at least three months, and at least eight headaches that have symptoms consistent with a full-blown sick headache attack (Fe rrari, 2013 Schwedt, 2014).Chronic megrim is a common disorder it impacts pot during their most productive years of life, has tremendous costs to the individual and participation, and is associated with a variety show of comorbid disorders (Schwedt, 2014). Chronic sick headache typically develop through a answer called sick headache transformation, which is a slow increase in the frequency of headaches, commonly over a period of months to years (Schwedt, 2014). Chronic sick headache is diagnosed found on the tolerants symptoms by excluding other causes of headache (Schwedt, 2014). A general physical and neurological exam should be performed on separately patient and attention should be paid to the patients neck, shoulders, secular artery pulses, and tempromandibular joint if any abnormalities are found on the neurological exam, a secondary headache should be pretend and the patient should allow further evaluation (Schwedt, 2014). Many risk factors are associated with a higher(prenominal) likelihood of transformation from episodic to chronic hemicrania and include obesity, unwarranted caffeine in perplex, low socioeconomic status, and major life changes like coupling or divorce, to name a few (Schwedt, 2014). Common conditions comorbid with chronic sick headache include other neurological disorders, gastrointestinal problems, and cerebrovascular disease (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012 Schwedt, 2014). Compared to people with episodic hemicranias, patients with chronic migraine are twice as believably to have certain psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder (Schwedt, 2014).The pathophysiology of chronic migraine is complicated and not fully unders aliked (Schwedt, 2014). It was once considerd that migraines were simply a swelling of the job vessels in the outlook (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012). More recent experiments have shown that swelling of the meninges and/or extracranial arteries is neither necessary nor s ufficient to cause migraine pain (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012). while such swelling is for sure oft found during migraines, migraines are no longer assumed to be further a disorder of blood vessels rather, there are data to imply that chronic migraine is associated with progressive brain changes, both in brain structure and brain function (Ferrari, 2013 Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012). Atypical modulation of pain is suspected to play a role in the transformation from episodic to chronic migraine by reducing the checkion of pain in the regions of the go pain modulatory pathway in the brain (Schwedt, 2014). Neuroimaging studies of patients with chronic migraine have shown both atypical structures of pain impact and atypical pain processing in the brain (Schwedt, 2014). Regions of the brain that participate in sensory discrimination, affect, and the cognitive appraisal of pain are also atypical in migraine sufferers (Schwedt, 2014 Silberstein, 2014). Many studies have found correla tions among the extent of these abnormalities and the frequency and severity of migraine headaches, suggesting that these abnormalities could be precursor to the transformation from episodic to chronic migraine (Schwedt, 2014), but more than(prenominal) research is necessary to run across the exact role and apparatus of these abnormalities.The trigemininovasular formation is currently considered one of the major players in the role of chornic migraine (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012 Schwedt, 2014). The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve in the torso and is the main sensory nerve in the head (Fix Brueckner, 2009). Some researchers believe that the musculature around the trigeminal nerve branches become irritated, which leads to the swelling and pain caused by migraine headaches (Kurlander, Punjabi, Liu, Sattar, Guyuon, 2013). Presently it is speculated that a sensitization of the trigeminal system that innervates cranial tissues, specifically the meninges (which a lot swell during migraine attacks) leads to a lower threshold for activating (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012 Schwedt, 2014). A lower threshold for activation means the system becomes activated more easily, which leads to more migraine attacks, and more migraine attacks therefore increase the likelihood of a chronic migraine diagnosis (Pietrobon Moskowitz, 2012 Schwedt, 2014).Another line of research that is currently being investigated is cortical hyperexcitability (Schwedt, 2014). The human nervous system is composed of billions of synapses and neurons functioning as part of a large, highly specializes system (Fix Brueckner, 2009). All aspects of behavior are informed by the nervous system, and it can rudimentarily be broken down into excitatory and inhibitory components that facilitate the communication among different neurotransmitters in the brain to determine the level of inhibition of excitation of each response (Fix Brueckner, 2009). Excitation in the brain is mainly associated with the neurotransmitter glutamate (Fix Brueckner, 2009). Recent transcranial magnetic stimulation studies on patients with chronic migraine have shown cortical hyperexcitability, particularly in the occipital cerebral mantle of the brain. The occipital cortex is associated with vision, and this makes sense to researchers as visual auras are frequently associated with migraine attacks (Fix Brueckner, 2009 Schwedt, 2014).A neurotransmitter of interest, particularly with the commencement phase of a migraine attack, is dopamine (Charles, 2012). Some research has shown that dopamine receptor agonists administered to patients produce some of the same symptoms that are experienced by migraine sufferers at the beginning of an attack (Charles, 2012). Conversely, dopamine receptor antagonists administered to patients can reverse those symptoms and have dismantle been suggested to have the ability to prevent the onset of extensional migraine attacks (Charles, 2012). While the exact r ole of dopamine in chronic migraine is unknown, it is certainly an interesting line of future study.Treatments for chronic migraine range from travel identification and avoidance to risk-factor modification, and include both pharmacological and nonpharmacological components (Schwedt, 2014). A preaching of each type of treatment and the variety of treatments within is beyond the orbital cavity of this review, however, some of the most common pharmacological treatments will be highlighted. pharmacologic treatment for migraines can be divided into two categories abortive medicines, which reside a headache after onset, and prophylactic drugs, which are taken on a regular basis to prevent the onset of a migraine (Davanzo et al., 2014). Those who suffer from chronic migraine are often on a prophylactic regimen, due to the intensity and severity of the headaches (Davanzo et al., 2014). While many drugs are used for chronic migraine prophylaxis, it is important to note that many are prescribed off label in fact, the only drug ratified by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of chronic migraine is onabotulinumtoxinA (Schwedt, 2014).OnabotulinumtoxinA, more commonly known as botulinum toxin A, has been popularized as a serial publication of small injections in the face that reduce the appearance of crows feet and frown lines (Oliver, MacDonald, Rajwani, 2006). However, the injections are also used to treat chronic migraine (Schwedt, 2014). Botox is part of a class of practice of medicines called neurotoxins (Fix Brueckner, 2009). It has no direct loading on the central nervous system because it cannot penetrate the blood brain barrier, however, it can have some important indirect effects on the central nervous system (Fix Brueckner, 2009 Oliver, MacDonald, Rajwani, 2006). When used to treat chronic migraine, Botox is injected into different muscles in the face to block the nerve signals to those muscles (Fix Brueckner, 2009 Oliver, MacDonald , Rajwani, 2006). Specifically, Botox has been shown to inhibit sensitizations of central trigeminal nerves, which was previously discussed regarding the pathophysiology of chronic migraine (Oliver, MacDonald, Rajwani, 2006).Triptans are another common class of drugs used for chronic migraine prophylaxis (Davanzo et al., 2014). Triptans are serotonin receptor agonists, meaning they bind to serotonin and increase the response of serotonin at the site of carry through (Davanzo et al., 2014 Fix Brueckner, 2009). Triptans have a vasoconstriction action on blood vessels, meaning they shrink the size of blood vessels, which is instrumental in reducing the pain of migraines some of which can be attributed to swell blood vessels in the brain (Davanzo et al., 2014). However, the desired effect of vasoconstriction is not restrict to just the brain and also constricts other blood vessels, including those in the flavour (Davanzo et al., 2014). As a result, patients with any coronary dis ease should use trade when taking triptans (Davanzo et al., 2014). The most commonly prescribed triptan medication is Sumatriptan and is available in multiple forms including pills, injections, and intranasal spray (Davanzo et al., 2014). The injections and intranasal spray reach the brain more cursorily and are therefore faster acting than the pill which must prototypical get absorbed into the blood stream to take effect (Davanzo et al., 2014). beta blockers, originally used for the treatment of hypertension and angina, are also often used for migraine prophylaxis (Davanzo et al., 2014). The beta part of beta blockers refers to receptors on blood vessels that are called beta receptors (Fix Brueckner, 2009). Therefore, beta blockers prevent the interaction of certain chemicals with this receptor (Fix Brueckner, 2009). The most commonly prescribed beta blocker for chronic migraine is Propranolol (Davanzo et al., 2014). Propranolol is likely successful in preventing migraine head aches by blocking beta adrenergic receptors, which inhibits swelling of arteries. Additionally, Propranolol may also exhibit its effect by preventing the platelets (the sticky elements of the blood) from sticking together and releasing substances that caused the blood vessels to constrict and dilate.A concern with pharmacological treatment of chronic migraine is the development of medication overdrive headaches. These occur when a migraine sufferer uses migraine drugs similarly frequently, and develops a secondary headache as a result of the medication use (Schwedt, 2014). The treatment includes a drug withdrawal phase, during which time the patient would have to stop taking medication for his migraine or take a medication with different mechanism of action to allow the overused drug to leave his system (Schwedt, 2014). This response is paradoxical because sufferers of chronic migraine often rely on pharmacological treatments to alleviate their pain, but if they take too much they will actually end up exacerbating their pain. roughly half of chronic migraine sufferers are treated for medication overuse headaches at some point (Schwedt, 2014).A brief overview of the criteria for diagnosis, hypothesized pathophysiology, and pharmacology for the treatment of chronic migraine has been discussed. While there is still much to match about the pathophysiology of chronic migraine, recent research has increased the understanding and unresolved up new areas of research to bring scientists closer to a more comprehensive understanding. While many data indicate that chronic migraine is a debilitating condition with great intensity and duration of headaches, and often lead to lost productivity and high costs on society (Schwedt, 2014), there are prophylactic and abortive drugs that can greatly cleanse the problems caused by migraines. With attention to and modification of risk factors, often in addition to appropriate adherence to these medications, migraine sufferers can live normal, productive lives.

An Analysis Of The Global Automotive Industry

An summary Of The orbiculate Automotive IndustryThe elevator car fabrication is cardinal of the largest and most profitable industries in the world and is epitomized by the modernistic ideas of Henry get across. Since then the fabrication has evolved in approximately every aspect. The industriousness has undergo its lows and superiors, the 2009 economic down piece being the pivotal gunpoint in its history. The intentness is essenti all in ally an oligopolistic market, which means private-enterprise(a) advantage is the vital object for all firms. Recent trends break witnessed large firms recessing to regions where costs ar low and vertical integration is possible. Most of the lead firms argon almost completely vertically integrated and this absorbs most of their profit margins. Firms must besides consider the key drivers of change such as revised environmental and technological requirements. Due to the region-centric dispersion of turnout there is always a risk o f poor operations management in certain regions. Organizations ar now encouraging their study suppliers to set shop in these rising markets. This leads to a high level of dependence on suppliers who argon benefiting from the peachy profit in outsourcing. Customers indigences and wants hurl too changed, with safety and engine room on top of their list. The rising costs in fuel and the be threats of spherical warming tolerate created a youthful segment for secondary energy vehicles. Analysis of these macro economic factors leads to a conclusion that the car pains is far from its saturation point and there is still probable for development in many regions.Table of ContentsIntroductionThe self-propelled industriousness is an ever-evolving industry that has experienced both, spurts of rapid harvesting and unforeseen reduction in sales (Molnar, 2009). This is largely out-of-pocket to the fact that the auto spry industry sh atomic number 18s certain similarities with o ther large industries, such as the electrical and curry industries where foreign direct investment (FDI), globose occupation and international trade in ar signifi suffert influences (T.J. Sturgeon et al., 2009). This industry is principally an oligopolistic market therefrom competitive advantage is a key strategic objective for all major players in the industry (Williamson et al., 2004). Based on statistical data the flowing major players in the industry atomic number 18 Toyota (Japan), General Motors (USA), Volkswagen group (Germany) and pass over (USA) (Datamonitor, 2011)(See Figure 1). Apart from the legitimate big four there are some(prenominal) other lead firms from Japan, USA and Germany, whose domination was heightened due to several mergers and acquisitions and equity base alliances. (T.J. Sturgeon et al., 2009).Since the auto industry is largely homogenous, there are common trends in the market that directly or indirectly mend most organizations (Williamson et al., 2004). Great potential for branch has been identified in markets resembling India, Brazil and China due to the availability of low cost arch(prenominal) drudge. This encourages an increased flow of FDI into such countries and facilitates trade liberalization through serviceman Trade Organization (WTO) (T.J. Sturgeon et al., 2009). Along with globose integration organizations are also integrating themselves regionally due to dispersion of final assembly plants in various countries (Molnar, 2009). Another changing attribute in the industry is the qualifying of the supply ambit due to higher technical dependence on the suppliers. In contrast to the tier based supply chain, now suppliers are vertically integrating to handle complex subsystems (Molnar, 2009).This report focuses on the various macro-environmental factors that affect the car industry contemporaryly. Factors such as supplier negotiate power, economical integrations, and political and technological aspec ts are the key drivers, which are touch the car industry. The report analyses the trends in the industry from the past, and future expectations, focusing in the main on companies such as Ford, GM, Volkswagen, and Toyota, and soundifies how the industry can expect growth in the future.Market TrendsThe self-propelling industry has experienced geomorphological changes, from draw mathematical product techniques in the 1920s to lean production modes in the mid-eighties (Wayman, 2007). A groundbreaking concept introduced by Toyota called the just in snip Strategy (Beasley, 1950) changed the face of car manufacturing. Similarly Ford introduced the standardization method (Fordism) that revolutionized the method of manufacturing in all industries. Over time the industry experienced a transition from standardization to modern concepts such as just in time and lean production. Emphasis then shifted to trade nameing and sales, as competition got fierce, leading to focus on company o perations and marketing (Data monitor, 2011). The slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st cytosine impact the banking sector and the stock market thus indirectly touching the automobile industry. In this respite, costs in the industry increased due to an increase in the cost of the raw materials.As shown in the adjacent graph, the sector most affected was premium cars (Luxury cars). As stated by Pwc. on autofacts.com (2011), Much of the recession was rooted in the white-collar financial service professions, which account for a large percentage of the sectors consumers. This caused an unforeseen cutpurse in the production level of premium cars and had a ripple center on the on the economies of Europe and Asia Pacific.(Autofacts 2011)As illustrated above the bechance in production during the recession can further be explained by analyzing the level of contribution by these strategic groups towards the world production of cars (by value).The United States (US) has been a dominant force in contributing towards the worlds production of rider cars, with 37.80% of the worlds automotive production in the year 2007. However, negative economic conditions meant production decrease drastically from 30.70% in 2008 to 15.70% in 2009. This free-fall in production shows how susceptible occupy for new cars and the auto industry are to economic conditions. http//graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/07/26/ patronage/26euauto-graphic/26euauto-graphic-articleInline.jpgThe recession in the US not only affected the national market but also affected other major economies. Europe, most interlinked with the American economy, was one of the first to experience the personal effects. The recessions magnitude was evident with the fall in production in Europe in 2010, change magnitude to 29.70% from 35% in 2009. Although Europe has experienced fluctuations in production, on average it has been fairly stable compared to the US and the rest of the world. In 2012 esti mates by the European political machine Manufacturers Association predict that sales of passenger cars will decrease by 3 one thousand thousand to 12.4 million. Actual sales of passenger cars imbibe been decreasing since 2008. Sergio Marchionne chief executive of both Chrysler and Fiat commented saying, Ive never seen it this bad, (New York time 2012).Asia pacifics production has grown at a stable rate averaging 27.92%. Although the region was affected by the global recession it limited the fall in production to 6.4%. After 2009 it experienced a boost in growth for the undermentioned two years taking levels close to the 2008 high.Through these years of irritability the automotive industry has had to trim the fat by cutting payrolls and death underperforming facilities. As tumesce as dealing with these difficult economic trends manufacturers welcome to be conscious about legal factors and social factors the likes of global warming. Most companies hire introduced products co nsider the environment, which has a positive effect on sales and brand image. These costly additions linked with bad economic conditions nourish in some ways encouraged greenfield ventures and outsourcing the production of parts and labor in low cost areas like Thailand and other parts of Asia.Macro-economic AnalysisPESTLE AnalysisThe macro environment of the car industry is extensive. Companies need to identify the key drivers of change in beau monde to build scenarios to admirer them achieve their strategic objectives (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008). Changing macro-economic conditions force companies to alter their strategies in order to sustain and increase their market share.The economic crisis that the industry suffered in 2009 compete a major role in shaping the industry into its current state (T.J. Sturgeon and Biesebroeck, 2010). As stated by Sturgeon, Biesebroeck and Gereffi (2008), the automotive industry is incomplete fully global, consisting of a set of lin ked, specialized clusters, nor tied to the narrow geography of nation states or specific localities. However, in new-made times the industry has become more region-centric, as companies have set up production and assembly closer to point of sale in order to determine advantage of economies of scale and lower labor costs that are on hand(predicate) in these emerging markets (Humphrey and Memedovic, 2003).Emerging markets in the car industry are attracting lead firms due to rapid sales growth in these regions (Datamonitor, 2011). In China, lead firms are adopting cautious localization and aggressive localization strategies to funk their variable costs so that they can compete efficiently in the region (T.J. Sturgeon and Biesebroeck, 2010). The rapid growth of the Chinese car market can largely be attributed to its liberal policies towards union ventures, as highlighted by the joint venture that formed the Shanghai Volkswagen Automobile Co. which dominated the market for 10 years (Molnar, 2009). Another rapidly growing market is Brazil, which is projected to be the worlds sixth largest car manufacturer in 2013. High import taxes check out that companies are forced to manufacture locally. Another unique aspect of the Brazilian industry is its dependence on the ethanol industry that fuels almost all cars in this region. The government supports this industry as it employs over a million people and also protects the car industry from the flux of oil prices (Matthew Symonds, 2008). genius of toughest challenges for the automobile industry in current times is adhering to the latest technological and environmental norms. The emphasis on incorporating cutting edge engineering science in cars is evident in KPMGs (2012) survey that shows us the recent demand for mobile connectivity and built in technology (See Figure 3). In order to resonate the consumer demands for technological improvements companies are turning to new technology suppliers. This is a strategic r isk for companies, as the lack of transparency in the supply chain could lead to environmental disasters, such as the catastrophes in Japan and Thailand in 2011 (KPMG, 2012). Improved fuel efficiency and lighter cars are two factors that are desired by consumers and legislators alike, tho the required resources like aluminum cannot be used due to stringent environmental laws (KPMG, 2012). China has set a good example by investing US$15 gazillion in a market determined to utilize technology to cringe the environmental damage inflicted by fuel emissions (KPMG, 2012).The automobile industry is one of the most heavily regulated industries in the world. Manufacturers need to follow the safety and environmental regulations of the respective regions they are based in. This becomes difficult due to the current trend of outsourcing most of the cars parts. Every company has to adhere to the environmental norms and therefore strive to reduce emissions from their products. thither is no room for error as any breach of legal regulations jeopardizes the companys business strategyPorters 5 ForcesSuppliersSuppliers dicker power is increased when there are a few producers despotic supply (Mintzberg, H. 2002). Despite the automotive industry manufacturers concentrated firm structure, since the proterozoic 1990s bargaining power has shifted from the industries automotive manufacturers to their suppliers. This is because of the foot of global suppliers which have taken on more extensive roles in the areas of objective, production and FDI (Sturgeon et al, 2009). These globally dominant suppliers are favored by manufacturers who expect and encourage them to be present near their plants and in emerging areas of growth (Molnar, 2009). New projects are no longer seen as an prospect to expand globally instead, a supplier must have a global base in place to even invent a bid, (Sturgeon et al, 2009).Suppliers such as Bosch and ZF are becoming involved in manufacturing and assem bly, assembling important sections of vehicles before cursory them on to manufacturers (Molnar, 2009). Increased outsourcing and the bundling of more value chain activities make these firms larger and more powerful (Sturgeon et al, 2009). The larger firms achieve economies of scale and scope, qualification it cheaper to design and produce many components creating high entry barriers (Molnar, 2009). This is concentrating the industry, which in turn is also increasing suppliers bargaining power.BuyersBuyer power can be high if buyers are concentrated, there are low merchandiseing costs, or there is buyer competition threat (Johnson, 2011). From the consumer perspective there are definitely low switching costs as switching from VW to Ford costs nothing but the price of the car. End customers generally have no bargaining power because they are individuals who purchase directly from the manufacturer through franchised distribution systems. Only large car rental or leasing companies ca n gain discount (Molnar, 2009).SubstituteCars do not have a direct substitute threatening sales in the industry. Substitutes like public transport are available but they do not share the aforesaid(prenominal) benefits, mainly price and door-to-door transport, that cars do (Molnar, 2009). Bicycles and motorbikes do however offer this benefit and are often considered substitutes. They are not however perfect substitutes, as they do not meet the same comfort, carriage and experience needs, that are a unique selling point for different varieties of automobile.A growing concern that consumers would switch to these substitutes during the global recession was the price of fuel. Despite spikes in the price of oil which provides 97% of conveyancing fuel, there has been a large increase in demand for passenger cars (Molnar, 2009). This can be attributed to improvement in mileage per gallon and the lash-up of having a personal vehicle. It also distinguishes price from performance and that i n the theatrical role of a car, a lot of people, seek value more than price. foe analysisRivalry between competitors occurs when competitors are numerous or are roughly equal in size or value (Mintzberg, H. 2002). The fighting for market share is usually very costly and industries exhibiting these traits usually have low profit margins. The auto industry however is considered to be an oligopoly, which minimizes the effects of price based competition (Molnar, 2009). Firms try to position themselves as luxury brands (Ferrari) or low cost fuel efficient brands (Toyota) to corner a market segment. However some firms like Mercedes, by introducing the Smart car, butt joint a wider demographic. This however, goes against the product life cycle pattern in which eminence is supposed to decline as the business becomes more mature (Mintzberg, H. 2002).There is some differentiation between vehicles price, quality and status, a vehicle is perishable and there are no (to very low in the ro le of finance) switching costs. The aforementioned factors, according to Mintzberg (2002), create a strong come-on to cut prices which intensifies rivalry. A strategy firms use to avoid price based competition is to offer rebates, 0% financing, long term warranties and no gold down. These finance options help lure in customers but also supercharge profit margins and break even projections (Molnar, 2009). Marketing innovations can raise brand identification or help differentiate the product (Mintzberg, H. 2002).Threat of new entrantsHeavy investment is required by companies finding to enter the automobile industry. Economies of scale are sort after by the new entrants however the current players have reached large-scale production levels (Gerry Johnson et al., 2011). Most brands have a rich history, helping them build their branding, as brand equity is a big seller (Molnar, 2009). Ford was established in 1903 and GM began in 1908 and they are world renowned (MarketLine, 2012). Fi rms need to invest heavily in research and development in order to match their competitors technical and design prowess in area such as energy preservation (Molnar, 2009).New entrants may struggle to build their network with suppliers as the automotive industry has an extremely concentrated firm structure (Sturgeon et al., 2009). The global recession made it easier for the larger firms to acquire and integrate horizontally as well as vertically, opening more retail and franchise distribution locations.The recent global meltdown has led to customers switching brands in order to look for low-priced or high performance cars. For example, the Tata Nano was an instant hit in India upon launch since it was a low price car. The A6 from Audi also got high gustatory perception for its performance and quality. The existing players in the market would adapt these features and come up with their own designs, hence increasing competition. Daewoo founded in 1967, could not survive and was pull down in 1999 by the Korean government. Indian Tata motors entered the passenger vehicle market, in 1998 through aggressive acquisitions of foreign brands but could not penetrate the US or EU markets (Molnar, 2009).One of the most crucial barriers to new entrants is formula and government policies. Restraints such as patent protection regulate the market and have an impact on new companies, if they do not have any unique ideas (Gerry Johnson et al., 2011). Policies regarding FDI and FII affect companies going global and entering new markets. Regional integration such as NAFTA, EU, makes trade and foreign investments simpler and accessible for such companies.ConclusionThe current economic crisis has accelerated deep structural change in the automotive industry, setting the stage for sustainable growth (Deloitte, 2009). There are huge potential gains and room for growth in emerging markets, particularly in Asia, mainly in China and India. Countries with high importing costs will expe rience a decline in domestic capacity as the lead firms continue to set up their manufacturing centers in these emerging markets. The regional trading blocs (e.g., NAFTA, European Union, ASEAN, and Mercosur) are expect to grow and drive regional production as firms look to shift to lower cost regions.Another lucrative opportunity for the organizations is the increase in demand for new cutting edge technologies in cars. This convergence leads to the creation of new business models that include alliances with companies from other industries that provide new technology (Deloitte, 2009).The rising prices of crude oil indicated a continuous and gradual increase in fuel prices over the next 4 years (Moming Zhou, 2008). This is an opportunity for the lead firms to grow by investing more resources in ersatz energy products (Hybrid cars), at a time where consumers are looking to switch to more environment friendly cars (See Figure. 2). This is a perfect time to beget this market when treat ies like the Kyoto Protocol (Molnar, 2009) call for a collective hunting expedition to battle global warming.In conclusion, it can be determined that the global car industry continues to attract consumers to differentiated products. However, firms must make the mightily strategic decisions, to reduce the absorption of their profits by their vertically integration strategies. Existing companies must adopt a strategy of sustainable growth to ensure their survival in this industry.BibliographyBookJOHNSON, G., SCHOLES, K., WHITTINGTON, R. (2008). Exploring corporate strategy. Harlow, Financial Times learner Hall.JOHNSON, G., SCHOLES, K., JOHNSON, G., WHITTINGTON, R. (2011). Exploring strategy. Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall.MINTZBERG, H., QUINN, J. B. (1991). The strategy process concepts, contexts, cases. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall.ReportPwc (2011) 2011 Automotive Review. report AutofactsProQuest (2012) Thailand Emerges as Global Hub for Fuel Efficient and surro und Friendly Car Manufacturing. report ProQuest.KPMG (2012) Global automotive executive survey. report KPMG. p. 4-57DATAMONITOR (2005) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2006) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2007) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2008) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2009) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2010) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2012) Global Automative Retail. reportDATAMONITOR (2011) Global Automative Retail. reportMarketLine (2005) Global Automative Retail.WebsitePeople.brunel.ac.uk (1950) Just-in-time. online Available at http//people.brunel.ac.uk/mastjjb/jeb/or/jit.html Accessed 10 Nov 2012.EWING, J. (2012) Europes Auto Industry Has Reached twenty-four hour period of Reckoning NYTimes.com. online Available at http//www.nytimes.com/2012/07/26/business/global/europes-auto-industry-has-reached-day-of-reckoning.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 Accessed 10 Nov 2012.deloitte (2009) online Available at http//www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Global/Local%20Assets/Documents/A%20New%20Era_Online_final.pdf Accessed 11 Nov 2012.ArticlesDannenberg, J. and Kleinhans, C. (2007) The feeler Age of Collaboration in the Automotive Industry. p.88-94.Datamonitor (2011) Global Automobiles. report Datamonitor p.1-37.Molnar, E. (2009) Strategic vigilance in the ailing automobile industry.Sturgeon, T. et al. (2009) Globalisation of the automobile industry main features and trends. International journal of technoligocial learning, innovation and development, 2.Sturgeon, T. and Biesebroeck, J. (2010) Effects of the crisis on automotive industry in developing countries A global value chain perspective.Sturgeon, T. et al. (2008) harbor chains, networks, and clusters Reframing the global automotive industry.Journal of economic geography, 8 (3). p.297-321Humphrey, J. and Memedovic, O. (2003) The global automotive industry value chain what prospects for upgrading by developing countries.Magazi neSymonds, M. (2008) A global love affair A special report on cars in Emrging markets. The Economist, Iss. 8606.Online NewspaperZhou, M. (2008) Gasoline could hit $7 a gallon in four years CIBC. The Wall Street Journal, online 24th April. Available at http//articles.marketwatch.com/2008-04-24/news/30787082_1_crude-supplies-natural-gas-oil-supply Accessed 11 Nov 2012.

The Cause and Effects of Terrorism

The Cause and cause of TerrorismIn this late world, make of terrorist act has become a hazardous threat to all the countries or so the world as it entrust cause devastating casualties and economy wallop in any of the countries. According to Krueger and Maleckova (2003), the term act of terrorism is defined as premeditated, policy-makingly motivated wildness perpetrated against noncombatant tar owns by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to exploit an audience. Terrorism is basically an act of the terrorists to transpose a message such as ideological, religious or political object through violence or destruction. The more than destructive it is, the more audiences they go away provoke. Thus, terrorists will be greatly increased if they can influence throng approximately the world to achieve the objectives or goals that the terrorists group has plotted. In addendum, there be factors that made other people to join terrorism and the effects of i t.While terrorism is still in active or so the globe, what has causes this dreadful act that harm many people live and keeping and what be the reasons behind this Keet (2003) utter that one of the causes is formation of nationalist or separatist. He emphasize that colonized nations which made nationalist movement has a high chances to become a terrorism organization. Mahatma Ghandi was the only one who gets along with the freedom movement without using any violence act. Extreme nationalism, on the other hand, has set up or upholds language rights, religious tone and symbols. They persuade on a regional-ethic party and less accentuate on the political rights and privileges. Lawson (2001) too claimed that resistance against an oppressor is a contributing factor that will lead to terrorism. He remarked that the dominance of terrorists land and their people from any oppressor ar apparent to consecrate high chances of conducting terrorism. The IRA, the Basque separatist group ETA , the Palestinians, the Tamil Tigers, the Chechens, and Iraki insurgents are some of the examples of organization that used forces to fulfill their political goals (Lawson, 2001).Keet (2003) reviewed an authorized factor that is related to terrorism was social stratification and disproportion of division of control resources such as food, water and clothing. In this study, lack of economic way has give a huge seismic disturbance on civilian for their drop dead needs. Based on the studies shown in Keet (2003) 15% of the population for the poor countries consumes 85% of the overall resources. He stated that if those people cant get a satisfactory amount of resources they needed, they will use force or violence to get what they cherished in order to keep them alive. Thus, these circumstances have formed a new corporation or organization that will lead to terrorism.The contradictory of theory of disaffected intelligentsia, which is simple minded people that are lack of moral an d social knowledge, were the ones that mislead the people (Keet, 2003). They are the reason that dehumanizes terrorists and, in this manner, they wanted to be heard, and acknowledge by the society or the world, that they have the equivalent of human rights. This indicates the inner reason of terrorism, decreeing from the forecast of its viewpoints, mindset, method of approach and the consequences as studied by Keet (2003).In addition to the dehumanization of terrorists, Keet (2003) claimed that religion is native cause for the terrorism as it emphasize on the Muslim extremists in the Middle East. The research showed that Islamic terrorism rejects the ideology of democracy and individualism, while Islamists dislike the concept of capitalism and conceptualise in Caliphate (the idea of leading Muslim community in worldwide). community believed that the social issue was connected to the struggle is the religion and realm which indicates on antithetical belief have a higher chance to fill in a battle than those share the same belief (Keet, 2003). contempt of the above, all religion accentuates that we must treat others as we are wished to be treated and killing is prohibited on most of the religious teaching.In 2004, Borum studied the behavior among terrorists and piece out that most of them were perceived from in adeptice, wanted identity element and unfortunately, they were the targeted victims of terrorism. Traumatize from the childhood abuse, they felt injustice as nearly as humiliated and as a result, they joined the terrorists group as they are the majority in the organization (Borum, 2004). People who search for their identity a good deal trap by the terrorist organization in many slipway as one of them is referred to identity foreclosure when the idea or mindset of a terrorist organization is being accepted without serious inspection (as cited in Borum, 2004, p. 25). They often accept the mindset as they couldnt shrink any more of the comple xity and stressful world and they are usually classified as lifeless or monotonous person.Similarly, the studies based on Borum (2004) has emphasizes on the motivation of terrorists as a root to terrorism. Motive is defined as the passion or aspiration to get something done. The opportunity to get into action, the belonging needs, the wish to get acknowledge in society and the acquirement of material rewards are the motivations go get involve in terrorism (Borum, 2004). Moreover, Borum (2004) stated that the remedies of an injustice were the essential motivation for terrorism as it can help them to get their penalise back and the best motivation is to help others to avenge but not themselves. The need of belonging that was remarked earlier on has great impact on radical extremist groups as they felt connected and associated with the group. They were expelled and rejected from their society but the organization accepted them and they felt the warmth and kindness just like a family d oes (Borum, 2004).The causes on terrorism in this world are unavoidable indeed. On the other hand, the effects on terrorism as stated in Bennett and Bray (n.d.) are on tourism industry. later on the incident on 9/11, the impact on world trip and tourism council has reported that over 10% of the turn and tourism invite on worldwide has reduced and consequently, 8.8 million people have disconnected their job in airlines, hotels, tour operators, car rental and credit placard companies, thus it decreased 1.7% of total GDP for the world economy (Bennett and Bray, n.d.). With the attacks on the world trade centre, Bennett and Bray (n.d.) reviewed that international arrivals around the world in 2001 has greatly decrease which estimated 4 million that were less than the previous class and it was indicated clearly that people have the fear to take flights. Bennett and Bray (n.d.) stated that it was disastrous for the airlines companies as the passengers numbers were declining. Similar ly, alpha fetoprotein (2010a) stated airports and other travel centers as well as tourist attractions across Europe have been heightened with bail forces as al-Qaeda has linked with terror plot that targeted in London, Paris, Berlin and other European countries. On the other hand, AP (2010) mentioned on terrorism that was on the alert to those Americans living in or traveling to Europe.The economy around the globe has badly influenced from the act of terrorism. As Abadie and Gardeazabal (2007) reviewed that the capital stock, either in physical or human form, has greatly reduced after(prenominal) the act of terrorist in a country. In addition, the country itself needs to increase expenditures on counter-terrorism and in order to get the resources or capital they need to dominate from their productive industries for the sake of the countrys security (Abadie Gardeazabal, 2007). The incident of September 11th terrorist attacks on US economy have affected the total production assets which decreased 0.06% of it. Walters, Sachsida and Sandler (2006) indicated the stocks in US direct investment has lower drastically after the terrorist assaults against US interest in OECD countries. Similarly, Persitz (n.d.) claimed that payable to intense terror in Pakistan, the consumption and government-expense section increases while investment, exports, and imports of production decreases.In the market, people are devastated from terrorist acts as human tragedies happened most of the time. Because of fear, many people didnt want to take the risk to start a business as terrorism could simulate anytime and anywhere and in the end it brings tear the economy (Market, n.d.). Furthermore, the costs that cover the security purposes were a burden for most of the companies as they might decrease the cost of the stock that will lead to disappointment from the stockholders. Market (n.d.) stated that resilience will occurred even if a terrorist attacks, the society will united in c oncert to overcome the catastrophe that changes the security system and become more bushel and confident than before. For examples in the Kennedy assignation, the World Trade Center Bombing, and the Oklahoma city Bombing. Whats more about effect of the market is the human way out in a terrorist act is heartbreaking news for the victims loved ones. The loss of voltage labor workers in a company suffered more hardship than losing wampum (Market, n.d.).In 2007, Creekmore (2007) claimed that after the incident of September 11th, social conflict has been arising due to fear and horrified by the incident among citizens. After past some days of the incident, people were lined up around the gas shoes before gas prices rose two dollar a gallon. The regulator of Mississippi took immediate action against local gas suppliers as they were found guilty on raising the gas prices (Creekmore, 2007). Eventually this has set run into havoc between the local gas suppliers and customer in differ ent states, and people were fighting for the gas. In addition, Creekmore (2007) mentioned about the rumors which were spread about the dearth of food due to the gas prices and soon everyone felt the state of panic.Media (2008) reviewed that the net income has many useful functions for the terrorist, such as cyber-terrorism, coordination of plans of attack, communication with cells, or propaganda and information. Convenient, golden to use and access, much quicker to send precious information and cheesy are the factors for terrorists to use the lucre. As the functions mentioned above, it brings huge impact on the media because the profit act as a direct medium (Media, 2008). A Mexican-based terrorism organization, EZLN, also known as Zapatistas, has brought catastrophe to its country as it uses Internet to leak information throughout the world. Media (2008) has also remarked that Internet media offensive was started by al-Qaida that their message were translated into European la nguages and as a result, radicalization process is contingency much faster, broader, more mysterious in the Internet era.Instead of having traditional weapons such as sword and spear, The Effects (2006) claimed that terrorists weaponry has stepped forward to a more advance technology, that is chemical and biological weapons. It was dated back and so after Persian Gulf, thousands of US troops went home after the war has ended. Unfortunately, they have come across an illness which includes symptoms like chronic fatigue, double-dyed(a) joint pain and headaches, intestinal track problems, internal bleeding, and memory loss (The Effects, 2006). The veterans were then diagnosed with Gulf War Syndrome as a result of war. The Effects (2006) reviewed the terrorists have been doing many illegal activities such as counterfeit the muniment and statements as well as take apart the equipments and tear down important documents in order to conceal their production of biological weapons. AFP (20 10b) remarked the Taliban militants have claimed two raids which around 60 trucks were torched and three people died in this incident. On the other hand, Pakistani authorities have reported 24 attacks since September 3rd which have claimed more than 140 lives.Over the years, terrorism has caught international attention as it has destructive goals that would bring casualties and economical impact around the world. The research on terrorism was insufficient and the data is not fully complete yet. There are still many cabalistic causes that would lead to terrorism. However, as times goes by, the secrets behind terrorism will eventually reveal to the world and it must be eradicate as soon as win-win solutions are being discovered and implement into the society.

The Moral Acceptability Of Passive Euthanasia

The Moral Accept capacity Of peaceable EuthanasiaThis paper w distress deal the typeface permissibility and necessitateability of unresisting mercy killing, especially with figure to stick onive mercy killing. The aim of the paper is to argue for the dissertation that resistless mercy killing is object lessonly acquireable under certain conditions. I will present a defense of this thesis by shaping its expiry battery-acids, distinguishing the various forms of mercy killing, especially encircled by brisk and passive, as well as self-imposed and non-voluntary mercy killing. I will cite concrete baptismal fonts and overly give various factors that may affect the euthanasia conclusion, such as the fuss and agony of the patient. The billets will be evaluated from utilitarian perspectives, taking into account the views of Kant and Aristotle. strictly speaking, the term euthanasia refers to actions or inattentions that result in the death of a person who i s already gravely ill. (Moreno). There are two measurable features of euthanasia. First, that euthanasia involves the deliberate and premeditated act, of taking away a persons conduct and, second, that it is an act of mercy, which is taken for the pastime of the person whose living is unbearable from off oddity or has an incurable disease. This nonion of mercy distinguishes euthanasia from most another(prenominal) forms of taking liveliness. Euthanasia is a controversial concept, which evokes heated object lesson, medical examination, legal, and social debates. The term has few(prenominal) positive and negative connotations the fundamental idea is, that a suffering person will be relieved by means of an act of mercy, but at the kindred time on that point are legion(predicate) abuse groundss where people cast off been killed or murdered under the euthanasia pretext. There are various forms of euthanasia. Although the topic of this paper is the discussion of moral ac ceptability of passive euthanasia, it is important to distinguish between officious and passive forms of euthanasia actively causing a person to gnarl (for example by intentionally giving whatever medication) or passively go forthing them to die by withdrawing or withholding their treatment, or taking away something they regard to survive. Typical examples of passive euthanasia are switching off life- attendanting railway cars, such as cater tubes, respirators, or not carrying out life-extending operations and treatments or not giving life-extending drugs. Another categorization of euthanasia is along voluntariness or by consent voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia are both in the patients interest, freeing him/her from unbearable suffering. The rest between the two lies in the patients ability to make the decision. In the case of voluntary euthanasia (which is in any case lots referred to as assisted suicide) the terminally ill patient is mentally effective and makes t he decision about terminating his/her avouch life. In the case of non-voluntary euthanasia (which is also often referred to as mercy killing) the patient is not mentally competent to make a decision about his/her fate (for terminal encephalon damage or coma, for example) and a proxy, the guardian or physician makes the decision on his/her behalf. Finally, impulsive euthanasia though not in the heighten of this paper leases to be menti matchlessd as a conceptually unlike form of euthanasia. In this case euthanasia is administered without the consent, and against the will of the person. In the by-line I will compare and contrast passive and active euthanasia, discuss whether in that location is a moral difference between them, and mount a defense of the thesis, that in most cases there is no real moral difference between helping someone die and letting someone die. I will also argue that there is a more profound moral difference between voluntary and non-voluntary euthana sia, and there need to be clear guidelines to ascertain that no one gets killed against his/her wishes. By explaining that there is, in fact, no relevant moral difference between omissions and acts, I will prove that active euthanasia is not immoral and is fundamentally no distinct than passive euthanasia, and in some cases passive euthanasia is more moral than active. The utilitarians emphasize that when deciding an acts morality we should only subscribe to the consequences (Mill). To validate this point, first, we may argue, that it is not exactly correct to say that omission is a non-act (Rachels). Letting the patient die is also an act. There is an active decision of not to perform certain other life-saving actions. However, whether it is considered an act or not, the out come abouts are the comparable, thus regarding morality they should be border oned in the same way. From a moral perspective pulling the plug of the respirator, withdrawing the feeding tube or withdraw a li fe sustaining treatment is an act itself, which means, that omission is also an act itself. Thus passive euthanasia is subject to moral judgment in the same way that active euthanasia, a decision to instanter act would be subject to moral appraisal. Since utilitarians are only touch with the consequences of an action, not with the motives or the action itself, there does not seem to be any reason to distinguish between active and passive euthanasia, since they both lead to the same ultimate conclusion (the death of the patient). If we consider the step of happiness or suffer that all form of euthanasia creates, however, one may even argue, that withholding a treatment (passive euthanasia) may take the patient eternal to die, and so lead to more suffering, than if more purpose actions would be taken (active euthanasia). This suggests, that from a utilitarian perspective once an sign decision not to prolong the patients life and agony has been made, active euthanasia would actually be preferable to passive euthanasia, because it would decrease overall pain. If we undersidevass the difference between passive and active euthanasia from a deontologists (Kants) point of view we can come to a similar conclusion. One of his grassroots insights is that morality is a matter of motives and intentions, and not a matter of consequences (Kant). If we accept that the intent of an action determines morality rather than the effects, omissions would be subject to the same moral evaluation as acts, since the underlying motives would be similar (to end the patients suffering). This argument also suggests that there is no morally relevant difference between act and omission, that is, between active and passive euthanasia. In fact, if we observe with this argument and develop the logic that morality is a matter of intentions further, we can conclude, that passive euthanasia leads to more suffering rather than less, and is contrary to the pauperism that prompts the i nitial decision of not to prolong the patients life and agony. Thus, active euthanasia is not only not morally inferior to passive euthanasia, but may indeed be preferable.(Current) So far we have looked at the thinkable differences between the various forms of euthanasia and came to conclude, that, although there are some valid arguments from the causality perspective, and also the current practices worldwide might brook passive euthanasia, but not, or only very rarely allow active euthanasia, we see no major moral distinction between the two forms. From a utilitarian perspective they both lead to the same conclusion, and we even terminate that in some cases active euthanasia may be preferable to passive form, because it brings less suffering to the patient. We have, however, came to conclude that there is a more significant distinction between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia, since in the latter the patients will may or may not be carried out which can lead to potentially killing someone who either wouldnt have wanted to be killed in this way.The subject of euthanasia is alter with room for interpretation. In the analysis above we have proved that there are various and contradictory firees, and it seems to be difficult to come to a conclusion about the moral rightness of euthanasia. A different approach could be to study the concept of euthanasia case by case and determine the ethical jimmys and the major factors that need to be considered in an attempt to establish some criteria for moral acceptability. In the next business office of this paper I will discuss the various factors that influence the euthanasia decision through some concrete cases and evaluate their moral acceptability. military man life itself is commonly taken to be a cardinal cracking for people, often valued for its own sake. But when a competent, terminally ill patient decides that the best life possible for him/ her with treatment is of such freehanded quality that it is worse than no further life at all, than move life is no longer considered a benefit. Human life should not be degraded by reducing the quality of life for the sake of artificially extending the quantity of life. When a person has no quality of life any more because of unbearable pain, then they should not be squeeze to live, they should be able to choose to die, because at one stage proceed attempts to cure are not compassionate any more. However a deontologist would disagree with this argument. Kant emphasizes that it is persons handicraft to live, even if you have an untreatable illness. You have to act from duty and not give in to the easier path and chose euthanasia. The following example shows how it is possible to think this way and deny euthanasia I no longer accept this enduring pain, and this protruding eye that nothing can be done about, Chantal Sebire 52 years old French schoolteacher said. I cant take this anymore. I want to go out celebrating, surrounded by my chil dren, friends, and doctors before Im put to sleep definitively at dawn. When she was offered the hazard of passive euthanasia she objected that passive form of euthanasia was uncomplete dignified, military personnele, or courteous of me or my children. From these lines we can see how Sebire insists that she stays alive, since it is her duty. In this context euthanasia should be a natural extension of patients rights to life allowing them to decide the value of life and death. Through the next example we will see some difficulties we can come across when trying to enforce non-voluntary euthanasia. Current medical ethics seem to implicitly legitimize or legally accept passive euthanasia in many parts of the world with the moral argument of letting nature (the underlying disease) take its course, and accepting that human active (medical) intervention would simply lengthen this process unnecessarily (Moreno, 1995). This seems to be acceptable if that is what the patient wants (volunt ary) or would have wanted (non-voluntary). Of course, the case of voluntary euthanasia is more straightforward the patient is conscious and can actively give consent and confirm his/her wishes. In the case of non-voluntary euthanasia, however, when the patient is unconscious mind and incompetent, the decision makers must rely on former statements or comments of the patient where they had indicated they would not want to live hooked up to a machine or when it is hopeless. An example is the well known and much debated Eluana Englaro case. The Italian woman had been in coma for irreversible brain damage that she had suffered in a car accident at the age of 20. For 17 years she was in a vegetative state, while her father, ultimately successfully, fought for passive euthanasia (having her feeding tubes removed), give tongue to it would be a dignified end, and this is what her daughter would have wanted. His argument was that her daughter had visited a friend in coma before her own ac cident, and stated she did not want the same thing happen to her if she was in the same state (CNN.com, 2009). In absence of such former statements, the consent proxy (guardian or physician) must rely on their own judgments and that has the possibility to lead to as it is called slippery slopes. This also brings up the problem of involuntary euthanasia, when euthanasia is administered without the consent, and against the will of the person. In our example how can we be original that the father is telling the truth? Or is he only saying this to help his own suffering?It is also important to see how the physicians berth is crucial. It is them who know the patients condition well, who have access to drugs who have specialized fellowship or appropriate methods, and it is also them who can provide emotional support for the patient and the family. Equally importantly, it is also the physician who has been directly and intimately committed with and responsible for the persons care, a nd who the patient typically trusts. The physicians role is controversial too. One approach is that euthanasia is fundamentally incompatible with the physicians role as healer. This is one of the important arguments of the anti-euthanasia movements, which often cite the Hippocratic gent, that clearly states I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it (Hippocratese) This explicitly forbids killing patients. However, we must understand that Hippocrates did not explicitly say that doctors must preserve life at all costs. Also, we may argue the real word-by-word relevance of the Oath to modern medicine and to the current rights of patients and doctors. The Oath can also be interpreted as a duty of the physician to alleviate pain and suffering. If there is no other option, the doctor, in fulfilling this duty, should be allowed to actively end the patients life.Throughout this essay we have had a look at the different types of euthanasia, and how different moral approa ches accept them. We managed to conclude that morally there is no difference between passive and active euthanasia, and in some cases active euthanasia would even be advantageous. We also saw how it is hard to come up with a universal law how to judge euthanasia, since each case is extremely different and there are a lot of perspectives that have to be considered. Therefore when deciding on the moral acceptability of euthanasia we have to view each case separately and then with regard to each theory decide on its morality.

Under the Gaslight: The Character of Laura Courtland Essay -- Under th

Under the Gaslight The Character of Laura Courtland   Under the Gaslight does indeed sleep together luck or chance or fate, but it reinforces the importance of individual character at the same time that it suggests that integrity is not an absolute stay against the vicissitudes of linguistic context (159). This idea is mainly supported through the character of Laura Courtland--a symbol of both sides of the nature versus nurture debate.   Laura was born into a prominent, upper class family, the Courtlands. Her mother, Mary, in particular is a kind and generous woman who instinctively knows when she has a duty to perform and acts on it (164). Laura seems to have inherited this determined and well(p) manner. She has higher standards than the society she lives in. Regarding love, she realizes that true love is about loving what is on the inside and is not based on looks, class, or wealth. She says, How happy moldiness those women be who are poor and friendless, and plain, when some true heart comes and says I adjure to marry you (165). Laura is, as the saying goes, ...

Impact of Wal-Mart on the US Economy Essay -- Business Economics

Impact of Wal-Mart on the US Economy Wal-Mart has had a significant sparing impact on the US, as well as the economies of countries that have traffic with the US. Wal-Mart is the mans biggest company of any kind, with 80 percent of the households in America purchasing something from the superstore it is the nations largest retailer. Wal-Marts continuing legal injury reduction has given Americans the advantage of being able to afford 15 to 20 percent more than they previously could. (Hansen) In a world governed by globalization and greed, competition has become rigid as a result firms like Wal-Mart have utilized advanced marketing strategies to promise that they are on the neck of competition, and are the core deciders of the market. (Ortega) However, Wal-Mart made decisions that were of a disadvantage to aspects of the economy, including the depletion on a sm wholly scale of Small township USA. Wal-Mart has been of a great advantage to the US economy, be ing the worlds largest private employer thus providing more jobs. Wal-Mart is currently employing 1.5 million which equals to the population of 12 states. In addition, Wal-Mart has caused the lowering of prices of competitors known as the Wal-Mart effect, this saved Americans close to $100 billion in 2002. (Hansen) On a smaller degree, this caused an individualist American to save 15 to 20 percent of their income on necessities, allowing the nimiety to be utilized in a fashion that allows an expenditure which fulfills a specific luxury to the individual, for example a car etc.. From my point of view, this allows the less(prenominal) advantaged to be able to purchase beyond necessities, and causing more coin to spread through the market rather than the recycl... ...al-Marts methods to keeping these prices slew have been immoral. In addition, they have taken advantage of town resources for example, subsidies, employee benefits and victimization of cheap labor. Even though they have surpassed significantly in attracting customers all over the nation, they failed to do so ethically. This has created losses to competitors, and the battle for profit is an current one. Therefore, I believe that Wal-Mart has become an economical disaster to competitors and the US as a whole. This is due to the exporting of huge amounts of funds to Asian countries, which in turn reduced the funds in the US due to uninterrupted import costs. Works CitedHansen, Brian. Big-Box Stores. Are They Good For America? 14 (2004). 14 Mar 2005 <www.libraries.psu.edu/cqresearcher.Ortega, Bob. Ban the Bargains. The Wall Street journal 11 Oct 1994.

Another Masterpiece: Final Fantasy Goes Online :: Video Games Entertainment Essays

Another Masterpiece lowest illusion Goes Online Everyone who distinguishs endorses, and pull down some(a) who dont, knows the title closing head game. They may also know that it has been claimed the opera hat RPG (Role Playing Game) series of whole time. Most people also know that the company, Squaresoft, is the renderr of this great series. final examination Fantasy was nothing short of a miracle for Squaresoft when the first game came out. Squaresoft was about to go bankrupt when they square offd to make one last game, a final game, which they decided to name Final Fantasy. Final Fantasy was either going to be their last game or it was going to save them. It did more than save them. It made them famous and rich. There have been more than 10 different Final Fantasy games released. Recently, Squaresoft joined with another gaming company called Enix. They have combined their names and are now called SquareEnix . They recently made the 11th installation of Fin al Fantasy, Final Fantasy XI. I recently picked up Final Fantasy XI to see if I would like it. Final Fantasy XI has taken a different turn than all the other Final Fantasy games of the series. Final Fantasy XI is a MMORPG, which means, massive multiplayer online role-playing game. In English terms, it is a game that can only be contend on the Internet and where you interact with thousands of other people around the homo. Of fall there is a monthly fee that has to be paid which is a minimum of 13 dollars. Here is a review to help you decide if Final Fantasy XI is worth the money you have to consecrate to play it. First, I want to start of talking about the graphics. Compared to all the other MMORPG that are on the market, Final Fantasy XI overcome them all. The graphics are amazing. The name of the Final Fantasy XI world is Vanadiel. It is divided into several regions, which contains different zones. Each zone has a mess of estate to wander around on. Every area is v ery enlarge and the character designs are simply wonderful. Every weapon and piece of equip has its own design. The environment around you is glamorous. When creating your character, you get to choose your race, hairstyle, type of face, and even how big you want your character to be.

The Relationship Between Religion and Israel Essay -- religion, theolo

Israel, the place call the holy land, the land, which Jesus walked, however, it is widely declare that tensions between secular and apparitional sectors constitute a salient accept of Israeli society. If one were to try to summarize the relationship of Israel to Judaic pietism, he would say that it is related and not equivalent to certain concepts of Israel. just about the great unwashed think of the holy land when they hear the names Israel but one must ask the question is Israel truly the holy land. This try will show the relationship between religion and Israel. Religion in the broadest sense whitethorn be defined as mans attitude towards the unseen, and the soonest forms of human thought furnish the clue from which must be traced the maturation of those great systems of religion that tolerate at distinct time periods been professed by certain groups of people. The term religion must also include, not save beliefs in unseen spiritual agencies, but also numerous c ustoms, superstitions, and myths which have usually been regarded by the people of the specific society or community. As far as, Jewish religion goes, there are many different opinions about the origin and history of people and the religion.The Jews are a people who trace their descent from the biblical Israelites and who are united by the religion called Judaism. They are not a race Jewish identity is a mixture of ethnic, national, and religious elements. An individual may become part of the Jewish people by conversion to Judaism but a born Israel who rejects Judaism or adopts another religion does not entirely lose his Jewish identity. In biblical times the Jews were divided into 12 tribes Reuben, Simeon (Levi), Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Ash... ...ment of the Israeli culture with religious Jewishness. Because of the diversity in the different religiosity categories exigencies from the social order, one may speak in this respect of the Israeli soc iety as an use of conflictual multiculturalism. This notion designates this kind of multiculturalism where the dominant culture conditions the insertion of groups on their word sense of exigencies which, in given respects, contradict their own self-perceptions. Religiosity in Israel is outpouring to multi-sided conflicts, which is conjunctively articulated through a continuum of approaches. This religious convictions stand behind the exemplify explains the sharpness that conflictedness may eventually take on. Yet, as we have seen, in this case, religiosity does not divide this society dichotomously and actors remain take a hop by common references, albeit unevenly.

Hysteresis :: essays research papers

Aim To investigate the prototype in the amount by which a hanging piece of liveised offeres when a load big businessman is applied and the amount by which the stretch is reduced when the load is removed.Aim (in simpler terms) To determine the relationship between the force on a rubber band and its stretch, both during extension and retraction. venture Not required.Method1)Hang a piece of rubbery on a clamp stand. Ensure the expandable is new. 2)Clamp a rule using the clamp stand. Ensuring the markings on the ruler is as close to the compromising as possible. -Draw a diagram3) Measure the aloofness of the pliant and temper the data.4) Hang bandes on the elastic until it reaches it point of permanent distortion. Take note of this pitch do not hang more(prenominal) than this weight in the experiment.5)Add a weight of 100N (change trancely). carry for a few seconds for the system to stabilise. Measure the length of the elastic and record the data. Special care must be taken to ensure that when the mass is added the elastic should not retract.6)Add more weights, till the total weight is close to its point of irreversible distortion or till on that point are no more weights.7)Remove the weights one by one. Wait a couple of seconds for the system to stabilise. Measure the length of the elastic and record the data. Ensure that when the mass is removed the elastic should not be allowed to stretch further.8)Repeat, till there is no more mass on the elastic. Measure the length of the elastic.EquipmentElastic Clamp standRuler contrastive weights or a weight hangerVariablesIndependent Mass hung on elasticDependant continuance that the elastic extends or retracts.Controlled Same conditions thus the demeanor of the elastic is constant Same equipment ResultsForce (N)Length of elastic (m)Length that elastic was stretchedDuring extensionDuring retractionFor extensionFor retraction011.200.21001.51.40.50.4..........................................900....100 0....Note To find the length that the elastic was stretched. Simple subtract the value During extension by the original length of elastic. Then write the result in the mainstay For extension for the appropriate weight. Repeat for retraction.Construct a interpret of this data. For ease of data interpretation, graph force on y axis and length that elastic was stretched (that is the column For extension and For retraction) on x axis. Also possible to have intervals of 0.98 N on y axis so that value of mass in grams can be plotted accurately (assuming g=9.8 m/s2)Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

Natural Resources And Management Essay -- essays research papers

innate Resources and Management heathenish resources are the traces of all other(prenominal) activities andaccomplishments of people that includes designated diachronic districts,archeological sites, buildings, structures, and objects. These also include lesstangible forms like aspects of folklife, traditionalistic or religious practices, andlandscapes. These nonrenewable resources often yield unique entropy aboutpast societies and environments, and fecal matter provide answers for modern day genialand conservation problems.a ship wreckan arrowheada canonan Indian campsiteIndian rock arta tin cana Victorian housean historic mining townan irrigation epithelial ducta damAll of these can be cultural resources. Cultural resources are thephysical remains of a peoples way of life that archaeologists and historians conceive to try to interpret how people lived. Cultural resources are importantbecause they suspensor us to learn about our past. These tangible remains help usunderstan d other cultures, appreciate architecture and engineering, and learnabout past accomplishments. Furthermore, they offer educational and recreationalopportunities and provide links to our past.&nb...

EMail Privacy Rights In Business Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE

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One of the Few, One of the Proud Essay -- United States Marine Corps S

One of the Few, One of the Proud To some it may select the appearance _or_ semblance easy to become a soldier in the United States oceanic Corps. A introduce goes to bring up large number, passes, and goes on to save the world and confirm the nation, but in fact it is much harder. Boot ingroup in itself is a shew for the body to see its weaknesses and turn them to strengths and to see how considerable the brain can be mentally alert and ready and when shopworn can still give a hundred percent. Within boot camp in that respect is the ultimate test that proves whether a recruit is expert another person or if they have what it takes to be a maritime. This test is called the Crucible it is not just the title of a book. Boot camp begins in the recruits home state when they sign the paper and a contract to allow the recruit to be shipped to Parris Island, South Carolina. It is cardinal days of depending on ones self and trusting large number that would normally be considered strangers. These are teammates and allies. Everyday is spent with them and they will patron you succeed or suffer in those eighty-nine days. A recruit accomplishes a goal with his fellow recruits or fails with them. It is never a single effort. This is important in the end. During boot camp, each personal receives eight hours of intermission for a sixteen-hour workday. In this time, civilians learn what it takes to become a Marine and have what is expected of them. There is constant movement and training so that there is no free time to sleep or get disconcert from the goals (Seymour). Every task and mission asked of a person during boot camp has a purpose. The purpose is to prepare the future soldier for any loving of situation that may take place in the field during a real mission. T... ...USMC - MCRDSD/WRR - Description of Recruit Training. United States Marine Corps.19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.mcrdsd.usmc.mil/RTR/trainingDS .htm.Woulfe, jam B. Into the Crucible Making Marines for the 21st Century. New York Ballantine Books, Inc, 2000. Mission Complete The participation of Iwo Island has been won. The United States Marines by their individual and collective courage have conquered a base which is as necessary to us in our move forward movement toward final victory as it was vital to the opponent in staving off ultimate defeat. By their victory, the 3d, 4th and 5th Marine Divisions and other units of the 5th Amphibious Corps have made an report to their country which only history will be able to look upon fully. Among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, UNCOMMON VALOR WAS A COMMON VIRTUE. -Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

Foreshadowing in A Good Man Is Hard To Find by Flannery O’Connor :: A Good Man Is Hard To Find Flannery O’Connor

In A Good existence is Hard to Find, by Flannery OConnor, one is struck by the unanticipated violence at the end of the story. However, if one re-reads the story as twinkling time, one will see definite signs of foreshadow of the oddment. In the vogue of this story, OConnor uses steadfast imagery to foreshadow the people and the events in this story. on that point are three significant times she uses this technique. They are the description of the nannas dress, the death of the family, and the conversation between the Misfit and the grandmother. The grandmother did not essential to go to Florida she ironically dresses in her sunlight best. She was dressed very nicely with, A navy blue dress with a small unobjectionable dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. (11). A strong foreshadowing imagery can be seen in these lines. Knowing the ending of the story, the grandmothers elaborate dress symbolizes a preparation for her coffin. When a person dies, they are usually dressed in their best outfit, scarce like the grandmother was dressed in what seemed to be in her Sunday best. A stronger foreshadowing is when OConnor states the reason for the grandmothers bewitching dress, In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would complete at once that she was a lady. (11). She herself predicts her own death. Unfortunately, she does not know this yet. not only does OConnor foreshadow the grandmothers death, she foreshadows the deaths of the rest of the family. The foreshadowing of the familys death is very evident when they passed by a cotton wool field with five or six sculpture fenced in the fondness of it, like a small island. (12). It is not an accident that the numbers of graves five or six matches the exact number of people in the car. There are 5 people and a bollocks. Since a baby in not exactly a full perso n, it is appropriate to advance five or six. This foreshadowing image leads into the next one reflexion at the grave the grandmother said, pointing it out. That was the old family burying ground. That belonged to the orchard. Wheres the plantation? John Wesley asked. Gone With the Wind, said grandmother. Ha. Ha. (12).